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Sublimis Deus ('From God on high' ) (erroneously cited as Sublimus Dei) is a papal bull promulgated by Pope Paul III on June 2, 1537, which forbids the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas (called Indians of the West and the South) and all other people. 〔Latin and English in Joel S. Panzer: The Popes and Slavery (New York: Alba House, 1996), pp. 79-81 "Sublimis Deus sic delexit humanum genus" (The exalted God loved the human race so much)〕It follows the decree issued by Charles I of Spain in 1530 in which the King prohibited the enslavement of Indians.〔Maxwell 1975, p.58, 68-71〕 There is still some controversy about how this bull is related to the documents known as ''Veritas Ipsa'', ''Unigenitus Deu''s, and ''Pastorale Officium'' (May 29, 1537). Alberto de la Hera (see footnote 1) believes that ''Veritas ipsa'' and ''Unigenitus Deus'' are simply other versions of ''Sublimis Deus'', and not separate bulls. Joel Panzer (''The Popes and Slavery'' (York: Alba House, 1996 ) p. 17) sees ''Veritas Ipsa'' as an earlier draft of ''Sublimis Deus''. While some scholars see'' Sublimis Deus'' as a primary example of Papal advocacy of Indian rights, others see it as part of an inconsistent and politically convenient stance by Paul III, who later rescinded ''Sublimis Deus'' or the ''Pastorale'' in 1538. In ''Sublimis Deus'', Paul III unequivocally declares the indigenous peoples of the Americas to be rational beings with souls, denouncing any idea to the contrary as directly inspired by the "enemy of the human race" (Satan). He goes on to condemn their reduction to slavery in the strongest terms, declaring it null and void for any people known as well as any that could be discovered in the future, entitles their right to liberty and property, and concludes with a call for their evangelization. The bull had a strong impact on the Valladolid debate, and its principles eventually became the official position of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, although it was often ignored by the colonists and conquistadores themselves. The executing brief for the bull ("Pastorale Officium") was annulled by Paul in 1537 at the request of the Spanish who had rescinded the decree previously issued by Charles.〔Maxwell 1975, p. 68-70〕 The bull is cited at times as evidence of a strong condemnation by the church of slavery in general, but scholars point out that Paul sanctioned slavery elsewhere after the issuing of Sublimis Deus.〔Maxwell 1975, Stogre 1992〕 ==Background== In the bulls ''Dum diversas'' (1452) and ''Romanus Pontifex'' (1455) the right of taking pagans as perpetual slaves was granted to Christians. With the realization that the Americas represented regions of the Earth with which the Europeans were not aware of earlier, there arose intense speculation over the question whether the natives of these lands were true humans or not. Together with that went a debate over the (mis)treatment of these natives by the Conquistadores and colonists. A substantial party believed that these new found peoples were not truly human. This party speculated that since Christendom was not permitted by God to become aware of their existence and thus bring the Gospel to them until so late, it was only because they were not human or possessed no souls, so they could not attain salvation. The New Testament says that the gospel has been preached to all nations;〔(Colossians 1:23 ), (Romans 16:25-26 )〕 since the gospel had not been preached to the Native Americans, perhaps they did not count. In addition, Christians understood humanity to be divided into three distinct races (Europeans, Asians, and Africans), one for each of the sons of Noah. Native Americans did not fit among these divisions. The main impetus for Sublimis Deus was a council held by prominent Missionaries in Mexico in 1537, including Archbishop Juan de Zumárraga, Bartolomé de Las Casas and Bishop of Puebla Julian Garcés. They discussed the methods of converting the natives, especially the Franciscan practice of mass baptism. Basing a recommendation to the pope on Las Casas' treatise on how to convert the Indians "De Unico Vocationis Modo", they sent a letter to Rome with Dominican friar named Bernardino de Minaya (born ca. 1489). In 1537, Minaya arrived in Rome and pleaded his case on behalf of the Indians. In response, Paul issued "Sublimis Deus" on June 2, 1537. "Pastorale officium", a papal brief apparently used in conjunction with the ''Sublimis Deus'' by Minaya, declared automatic excommunication for anyone who failed to abide by the new ruling.〔"The Encyclopedia Of Christianity", p. 212〕 Stogre (1992) notes that "Sublimis Deus" is not present in Denzinger, the authoritative compendium of official teachings of the Catholic Church, and that the executing brief for it ("Pastorale officium") was annulled the following year.〔Stogre, p. 115, fn. 133〕 Davis (1988) asserts it was annulled due to a dispute with the Spanish crown.〔"The problem of slavery in Western culture, P. 170, fn. 9"〕 The Council of The West Indies and the Crown concluded that the documents broke their patronato rights and the Pope withdrew them, though they continued to circulate and be quoted by La Casas and others who supported Indian rights.〔Lampe, p. 17〕 According to Falkowski (2002) "Sublimis Deus" had the effect of revoking the bull of Pope Alexander VI "Inter Caetera" but still leaving the colonizers the duty of converting the native people.〔Thornberry 2002, p. 65, fn. 21〕 Prein (2008) observes the difficulty in reconciling these decrees with "Inter Caetera".〔 Father Gustavo Gutierrez describes "Sublimis Deus" as the most important papal document relating to the condition of native Indians and that it was addressed to all Christians.〔Father Joel S Panzer, 2008. Also see Hanke, Lewis. “Pope Paul III and the American Indians.” Harvard Theological Review 30, no. 2 (April 1, 1937): 65–102.〕 Maxwell (1975) notes that the bull did not change the traditional teaching that the enslavement of Indians was permissible if they were considered "enemies of Christendom" as this would be considered by the Church as a "just war". Stogre (1992) further argues that the Indian nations had every right to self-defense.〔Stogre, p. 115-116〕 Rodney Stark (2003) describes the bull as "magnificent" and believes the reason that, in his opinion, it has belatedly come to light is due to the neglect of Protestant historians.〔Stark 2003〕 Falola asserts that the bull related to the native populations of the New World and did not condemn the transatlantic slave trade stimulated by the Spanish monarchy and the Holy Roman Emperor.〔Falola, p. 107〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sublimus Dei」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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